Ethnology and Ethnography

Word Count: Dana Trippe Anthropology Essay #2 10/1/2012 There are two significant ways to deal with gathering data about human culture: ethnography and ethnology. Each approach has a particular objective. Each approach utilizes an assortment of techniques for information assortment and examination, all of which convey benefits yet in addition challenges. Alongside the difficulties of information assortment, field anthropologists face an extra arrangement of strategic, passionate, and moral hindrances. Human sciences is a troublesome field however gives a significant point of view on social diversity.Ethnography and Ethnology both endeavor at arriving at specific objectives. Ethnography is a composed portrayal of a culture dependent on information accumulated from hands on work, described by two strategies, member perception and meetings. At the point when an anthropologist is exploring through member perception, they are endeavoring to examine a culture while as yet attempting to kee p up the eye of a goal eyewitness. Another type of getting information for ethnography is through meetings. Through meetings, either formal or casual, the anthropologist is endeavoring to assemble and gather striking data.Formal interviews are progressively scripted and lessen the situational predisposition the anthropologists may understanding. Casual meetings are increasingly open finished inquiries that permit the witness to discuss what they believe is progressively significant in their way of life. These meetings can help paint an increasingly real portrayal of culture of what their convictions and ways of life are, rather than a â€Å"ideal culture†. Sterk expressed that the questioner turns out to be significantly more engaged with the meeting when discussions are inside and out, more than when an organized poll is being utilized (Sterk 2000: 27).Compared to ethnography, the investigation of single gatherings through direct contact with the way of life, ethnology takes the exploration that ethnographers have incorporated and afterward thoroughly analyzes various societies. Ethnology is the relative investigation of societies with the point of introducing systematic speculations about human culture. Anthropologists don't depend on information from only one investigation to offer interpretive expressions about human conditions (Lenkeit: 16). Ethnology additionally utilizes types of measurement, to help make their information effectively equivalent, and recordable. Ethnography utilizes two strategies for research, articipant perception and meetings. . This strategy can give a precise perspective on the way of life from an insider’s point of view. To genuinely find the odds and ends of a culture, subculture, or small scale culture, one must focus on investing broad energy in that social condition (Lenkeit: 13). In the field, anthropologists can likewise manage day by day difficulties. These difficulties can incorporate food issues, wellbeing a nd medical problems, , culture stun, and are additionally extremely inclined to coming down with maladies (Lenkeit 2012: 56). Napoleon Chagnon persevered through an episode with his wellbeing while at the same time doing hands on work with the Yonomamo individuals of Southern Venezuela.Chagnon described that he responded viciously to something in the field, and red welts showed up all over his body. He was frail, disgusted, parched, and couldn’t inhale well. The torment was unpleasant yet it tends to be something most anthropologists will involvement with the field. † (Chagnon 1974: 174) In American culture, security is something individuals hope to have, and may even underestimate. Martha Ward revealed her work with the individuals of Pohnpeian as a consistent test. She said that protection is an awful word in Pohnpeian, yet she desired security like a physical hurt and craved to be distant from everyone else (Lenkeit 2012: 56).Chagnon additionally longed for protectio n while in the field. He said the hardest thing to figure out how to live with was the unending and regularly forceful requests and dangers they would make. Chagnon described that day and night for nearly the whole time he lived with the Yanomamo, he was tormented by such requests as: ‘If you don’t take me with you on your next outing to Widokaiyateri, I’ll cleave an opening in your kayak! ’ and ‘Give me a hatchet or I’ll break into your hovel when you are away and take every one of them! ’ he was besieged by such requests for a long time, until he was unable to stand to see a Yanomamo on occasion (Chagnon 1968: 5).It can be exceptionally testing to get changed in accordance with the way of life way of life, where these steady issues happen. Ethnographers additionally direct their exploration through meetings. Meetings are an immediate method to accumulate data, however in some cases they can be broken. Casual and formal meetings can bo th accompany benefits. The two of them give top to bottom data about the subjects lives, coming legitimately from the subject. In any case, there are situations where the witness will give bogus data, romanticize their lives, and basically not have any desire to collaborate. Chagnon utilized meetings to record genealogical lines of the Yanomamo people.When Chagnon endeavored to record the entirety of the names and family lines of the Yanomamo individuals, they would give bogus data. They have exceptionally rigid name restrictions and shun referencing the names of noticeable living individuals just as completely expired companions and family members. The Yanomamo didn't have a lot of diversion in their lives, so they took any risk they could get the chance to play with the â€Å"white man† and get amusement from it. Each ‘informant’ would attempt to exceed his companions by imagining a name significantly more unbelievable than what Chagnon had been given by somebo dy before. Chagnon 1968: 6) Also, it tends to be difficult to build interviews when there are language boundaries, for example, language. Chagnon didn't have the foggiest idea what language the Yanomamo talked, on the grounds that he was the primary cultivated white man to come into their town. Chagnon needed to return to his long periods of adolescence, where language must be gradually and painstakingly learned. It required some investment to at long last comprehend the language, however after, he could get unmistakable data from the townspeople about their history and culture (Video). Ethnology incorporates methodological methodologies of making examinations and quantifications.Comparisons can enable the anthropologist to think about current and recently recorded information. They can see contrasts across various societies, and changes that include happened after some time inside a culture. Correlations are normally made inside one culture. Sterk found that there were tremendous c ontrasts between the whores living in the city, and those living in break houses. The individuals who lived in split houses were more averse to give casual meetings since they generally had their pimp investigating their shoulder. Likewise she made correlations on when the ladies made their clients wear condoms.They would settle on their choices relying upon the various sorts of accomplices, kinds of sex acts, and social setting. (Sterk 2000: 26). Another type of correlations is across two unique societies. When Laura Bohannon was doing hands on work with the Tiv of West Africa she found that the town was conformed to narrating. They needed to hear an account of hers so she proceeded to recount to the narrative of Hamlet, and could in a split second get on contrasts in their societies. When Bohannon disclosed to them that Hamlet was tragic his mom had hitched so rapidly, and had not held up the multi year grieving period.The residents protested â€Å"two years is excessively long! Who will tool your ranches for you while you have no spouse? † and when she said Hamlet conversed with his dead dad, they shouted â€Å"Omens can't talk! † The townspeople changed the story exactly as they would prefer, with the goal that it would accommodate their principles better (Bohannon 1966: 2). Societies all are exceptional and have various norms that go connected at the hip with them. Different examinations are ones that can be made after some time, which can likewise be the faultiest information. When Margaret Meade went to Samoa for hands on work in the 1930's, she gathered information that the young ladies in Samoa were very promiscuous.When Anthropologist, Derrick Freeman, went to Samoa to refresh the information in the 1970's he announced that the young ladies were in reality exceptionally bashful and not indiscriminate. Correlations can prompt deluding information, on the grounds that a culture may have changed radically over a specific timeframe. This ex amination is variable in light of the fact that the meaning of â€Å"promiscuous† could have changed over that numerous years and even the Samoan gauges could have changed. (Talk 9/10/12) The other ethnological strategy is that of measurement. Evaluation is the anthropologist making an interpretation of their examinations into numerical or quantitative data.Humans can see data measured each day, from the every day meteorological forecasts, to political posts. (Talk 9/10/12) Numerical information gives great size and is anything but difficult to think about. As a rule to gather this information they use tests. They can utilize an irregular example that attempts to dispose of predisposition by giving everybody an equivalent opportunity to get met. Tests can for the most part be extremely broken, for the explanation that example sizes are normally not large enough, and to not speak to enough individuals or data to make a precise appraisal of a culture.This information gives indi viduals a superior comprehension of information however can now and then be controlled and deluding (Lenkeit: 64). Ethnology and Ethnography can each accompany their own arrangements of calculated, passionate, and moral obstructions. These issues generally show up when the anthropologist is in direct contact with their examination and subjects. Various moral and good issues show up when the anthropologist is in the field of member perception and it very well may be difficult for them to remain objective. Anthropologists set themselves up for these difficulties with assets like the American Anthropologist Association.Because Anthropologists can wind up in complex circumstances and are dependent upon more than one code of morals, the AAA code of morals gives a structure, not an iron clad equation, for deciding. (Lenkeit: 50) Claire Sterk was doing hands on work with a gathering of whores in the New York zone, where she ran over these sort of choices. The

American History X - Nurturing Hate essays

American History X - Nurturing Hate papers Derek Vinyard, the focal character in the film American History X, is a normally brutal individual whose childhood and condition have expanded his inclination to be vicious. All individuals, essentially, are savage, however how much they express their viciousness is dictated by outside variables, for example, their environmental factors, relational intricacies, and the things they were educated while developing up.How I decipher [a] circumstance will decide my status to strike back in antagonistic vibe. . . or then again to just grin and acknowledge a conciliatory sentiment? (May 184). All individuals have various understandings of comparable circumstances and the deciding element of how they respond in these circumstances is subject to past impacts in their lives, as should be obvious with Derek, who's responses to specific conditions are that of an individual who has been blinded to act a particular route towards individuals not at all like himself. We can see the impact of a position figure on Derek through an extraordinary change in his demeanor towards dark individuals. During the flashback where Derek, his dad, and the remainder of the family are at supper, Derek is attempting to shield Dr. Sweeney and the dark writing course he educates while his dad gets increasingly more rough with his words about how he feels towards dark individuals and their way of life. In this a great time he is still youthful and handily impacted, particularly since he gazes upward to and regards his dad without a doubt. In the event that the occasions are followed sequentially, the following scene is that of Derek chatting with a correspondent after his dad was shot by dark pack individuals. Here, Derek is a totally unexpected character in comparison to the one we saw during supper. His entire disposition towards dark individuals has changed on the grounds that he has acknowledged what his dad said as evident and is currently communicating the feel ings that accompany sentiments of loathe. Starting here on, we see Derek's despise for dark individuals develops not all alone, however with the support of Cameron.[Cameron] [is] a vil... <!

Source Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Source Evaluation - Essay Example Fundamentals of Strategic Management is a far reaching outline of the book Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach composed by similar writers. The book follows a structure that is additionally utilized in the bigger form so as to help students in the recognizable proof and the accentuation of key ideas in increasingly compact and refreshed manners. The introduction of content in this book is established on genuine practices just as contemporary reasoning and highlights an expanded significance on the idea of plans of action as a way of seeing the issues of upper hand. The book likewise includes dynamic research, a more up to date vital administration hypothesis just as a hand-on approach that permits the peruser to investigate the principle topics in the executives, for example, corporate execution, innovation just as business morals among others. Moreover, it additionally it likewise incorporates a great case program that inspects organizations of various sizes locally and uni versally so perusers may accomplish an encounter as they put section ideas into functional occasions in various events. Charles Hill and Gareth Jones consider Wal-Mart’s plan of action as being founded on buying merchandise from providers at the most minimal rates conceivable and afterward exchanging similar items to its clients at gainful costs that are as low as could reasonably be expected (120). The organization has thought of techniques that have empowered it to position in a way that continues working expenses at the base so as to guarantee that clients get the most reduced costs every day with ceaseless value rollbacks. From beginning, the organization has been utilizing techniques that expansion its proficiency in different manners including guaranteeing low item separation just as focusing on mass markets. Wal-Mart’s plan of action that depends on limits for its retail clients is established on the possibility that low costs will bring about lower costs. After recognize methods of

Rhetorical Analysis Of I Want A Wife English Literature Essay

Expository Analysis Of I Want A Wife English Literature Essay The second influx of the women's activist development in the United States started during mid 1960s and kept going all through late 1970s. The reason for the women's activist development was to reserve a privilege to cast a ballot and have indistinguishable equivalent rights from male residents. Judy Bradys exposition I Want A Wife initially showed up in the Ms. Magazines debut issue in 1971. The class of the article is a great bit of women's activist amusingness and is delineated as sarcastic writing. In this article Brady means to persuade her perusers to take a gander at a keeps an eye on perspectives and desires for what he thinks a spouse is and what she ought to be. Brady handily utilizes clear contentions, redundancy of catchphrases and upscale language to make her exposition solid and persuading. Exigence: Judy Brady writes in her paper about the requests that are required from spouse. She underscores the point that the jobs of spouse are unreasonable to the job of husband, and that there is an undeniable contrast, disparity, between the jobs of a couple. Depleted by differences in the family unit work and by the way that the work done by spouse goes unnoticed, she strikingly communicates her sentiments. Brady exhibits her point by giving instances of some family unit errands that are regularly performed by spouse. I need a spouse who will have the house clean, keep my garments spotless, pressed, repaired, supplanted when need be, and who will make sure that my own things are kept in their legitimate spot with the goal that I can discover what I need the moment I need it . In the wake of posting this various silly errands, she finishes up the article with an enthusiastic explanation, My God, who wouldnt need a spouse? Crowd: Clearly Judy Brady is writing to wedded people. This can be derived in light of the fact that the article is about desires for a spouse in a marriage. However, in addition to the fact that she writes for wedded couples, she additionally keeps in touch with people by and large. The way that individual is hitched or not doesnt matter in this article. The crowd is required to know a smidgen about separation and marriage life. The crowd is likewise assumed in any event to have a secondary school level of perusing and essential comprehension of words, for example, adherence, monogamy, and nurturance. She is attempting to get out to the open that these desires and these generalizations of jobs of ladies, should stop. This returns to her exigence, which is the shamefulness of jobs of ladies. Reason: Why should individuals read and follow up on her announcements? With her contentions, she is attempting to state, All ladies stop! You dont need to act along these lines. She needs ladies to stop promptly going about as slaves. Her consistent expression I need a spouse to clatters up feelings of perusers, which thus, may urge individuals to make a move. The explanation she needs individuals to peruse it is on the grounds that she needs individuals to comprehend that the jobs of ladies is dampening to them. Brady characterizes what a spouse is through husbands eyes. Brady interfaces mind and mockery, compelling utilization of language, and talk to make a solid bit of persuasive composition with the reason to show how men see their spouses. This bit of talk eventually infers the spouses narrow-mindedness and apathy, and his need to be sans left. This article was made to make the crowd to think and consider. Brady adequately utilizes the Greek umbrella term, Rhetoric, which is unmistakably sorted out and all around considered. Talk implies the craft of utilizing language to convey viably and pictures to influence a crowd of people. Brady utilizes Rhetoric all through her article including three crowd bids: Ethos, Pathos and Logos. Ethos: She sets up her validity in the primary couple of sections of her contention. I have a place with that arrangement of individuals known as spouses. I am A Wife, not out and out by chance, I am a mother. Not exclusively does her being a spouse make her noteworthy, she likewise appears to have a great deal of information and this gives the crowd to realize that she truly knows something about her subject. And all that information on what the spouse jobs are doesn't originated from anyplace. She more likely than not experienced it herself to realize what the jobs of ladies are. She records various occupations that are anticipated from a spouse and her language sounds that of a tired and irritated wife. Furthermore, her article was imprinted in the spring 1972 issue of Ms. Magazine which sets her validity for the article. In addition, she was a dissident for the women's activist development. Feeling: When perusing her article, she needs individuals to make a move. She needs individuals to blow up at the point. She additionally needs the men who anticipate that this from ladies should feel envious. She does this by first expressing what her identity is. I have a place with that arrangement of individuals known as spouses. She tends to the worries of regular daily existence and misrepresented desires for a man from their spouses. At that point she goes on by posting the employments required by ladies. After couple pages of occupations she says, My God, who wouldnt need a spouse? This end is passionate towards the contention, and the nearness of incongruity in it unmistakably demonstrates that ladies are under an excess of stress. Brady exhibits how men treat their spouses unreasonably and request a lot from them. She needs to demoralize men from mishandling their spouses. Brady additionally energizes ladies who are unconscious of such maltreatment to step up and take a few activities. Numerous ladies are additionally unconscious of what things they are fouling up. By perusing this article, ladies can survey their life and see whether their spouses request a lot from them regarding wives obligations. Logos: Judy Bradys article contains clear contentions. One of her contentions is that ladies are relied upon to do excessively. She doesnt convey this message legitimately, however alludes to it by posting the job of ladies. Another contention distinguished in her paper is the disparity of people. In her article she composes that she is a man that needs to go to class and be bolstered monetarily. She needs a spouse to satisfy her needs, for example, dealing with the house, kids, charges, ordinary wellbeing registration of relatives, and public activity. She contends that spouses require a lot from their wives and calls attention to that it ought to be kept away from. Her contentions are adequately organized. She draws in the perusers by her validity. Furthermore, by indicating the assignments of ladies, individually; she includes her perusers in her solid contentions. She utilizes straightforward words which are extremely successful in communicating her perspectives.

As if course numbers werent enough Learning your A, B, Cs, and OEs

As if course numbers weren’t enough Learning your A, B, Cs, and OEs It has been far too long since my last entry, and I have an excuse for every day that I have neglected my blog. The short story is that I have been traveling around for MD-PhD program interviews, which is one of the final steps in the long journey that is the medical school admissions process. I’ve had the opportunity to visit Baltimore, New Haven, New York, and San Francisco/ Palo Alto, and meet countless doctors, scientists, and MD-PhD students. (Pictures from San Francisco will be included in a future entry.) I’m ashamed to say that I had received an email from Paul ’11 many weeks ago that asked about my choice of major (a sub specialty of Mechanical Engineering called Course “2A”) and I’ve only now been able to respond. Better late than never, no? Background Info: As you may know, asking an MIT student what they’re majoring in may result in a numerical response (or even a string of numbers.) For example, Laura might say “2”, meaning Mechanical Engineering Evan might respond with “6”, meaning Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Anthony would say “11”, Urban Studies and Planning I know someone that would respond “Majoring in 5 and 7, with minors in 9 and 14”. Translation: “I’m crazy.” Well, more accurately, it means that this person is double majoring in Chemistry and Biology, with minors in Brain and Cognitive Science and Economics. The (imaginary) MITese â€" English dictionary has entries for Courses 1-24 (with the exception of Course 19 (which was called Metallurgy from 1937-1940, Meteorology from 1946-1981, and Meteorology Physical Oceanography from 1981-1983) and Course 23 (which used to be Modern Languages, then Foreign Literature Linguistics.)) A history of the evolution of course numbers can be found here. It’s actually pretty fun to look at. Anyway… as if the fact that the majors, buildings, AND classes are all numbered (e.g. “I have 5.111 at 12:00 in 10-250”) wasn’t enough, several of the majors have letters or numbers tacked onto them as well. For example: -The flavors of Course 1 are 1-A (Design your own Civil and Environmental Engineering degree), 1-C (Civil Engineering), and 1-E (Environmental Engineering) -The flavors of Course 2 are 2 (Mechanical Engineering), 2-A (Design your own Mechanical Engineering curriculum), or 2-OE (Mechanical and Ocean Engineering.) -The flavors of Course 6 are 6-1 (Electrical Engineering), 6-2 (Electrical Engineering and Computer Science), or 6-3 (Computer Science and Engineering.) -The flavors of Course 10 are 10 (Chemical Engineering), 10-B (Chemical-Biological Engineering), and 10-C (Design your own Chemical Engineering curriculum). As an applicant, you are by no means expected to understand this alphabet soup. Once you get here, though, you’re forced to dip your spoon in and search for the right letter (or combination of letters) that suits your interest. This can be a rather difficult task that my fellow bloggers have covered extensively. I’ve compiled some of the links at the bottom of this entry, and rest assured that almost everyone ends up switching majors or minors at some point. Why I chose to be 2-A (Design your own Mechanical Engineering major with a concentration in Biomedical Engineering) with Pre-med: I came into MIT knowing that I liked two things: building stuff and the human body (and what can go wrong with it.) I learned how to use a power drill and table saw at the ripe age of 10, and I loved making robots. So, the decision to major in Mechanical Engineering was pretty easy. I thought that an undergraduate degree in MechE would provide me with a solid yet broad engineering background that I could apply to either medical or graduate school. My impression was that studying engineering taught you how to solve problems, and isn’t that a prerequisite for most careers? I also thought that MechE would train me to think analytically about systems â€" both how to design them and how to fix them when they “break.” Since the human body seemed to be a web of interconnected systems (circulatory, muscular, digestive, immune, etc.), I thought this training would make me a great doctor, as well. Next, I chose to design my own Mechanical Engineering major through the 2-A degree program instead of taking the traditional full Course 2 route. My reasoning was that the full Course 2 degree program has a pretty defined structure with many required classes. I wanted to learn about material properties, control systems, robotics, manufacturing, and thermodynamics, but I also wanted to have time to take my pre-med requirements (see my previous pre-med entry and explore other classes. To get the flexibility that I wanted (and needed), I enrolled in the 2-A program. This enabled me to take the 9-10 core Mechanical Engineering classes, while taking 6-7 classes in my self-defined concentration. Here’s some info from the MechE website: “A significant part of the 2-A curriculum consists of electives chosen by the student to provide in-depth study of a field of the student’s choosing. A wide variety of popular concentrations are possible in which well-selected academic subjects complement a foundation in mechanical engineering and general Institute requirements. Some examples of potential concentrations include biomedical engineering and pre-medicine; energy conversion engineering; engineering management; product development; robotics; technology policy and pre-law; sustainable design and engineering; and architecture and building technology. The ME faculty have developed specific recommendations in some of these areas; details are given on other pages in this web site.” (MechE site) My concentration is in Biomedical Engineering (BME), which has since become a minor. Several of the classes for my BME minor also fulfill my pre-med requirements. But now, the choices are more plentiful than ever. The Department of Biological Engineering (Course 20) has been developed recently, and it offers some really cool classes, some of which I’ve taken through my BME minor. If you’re thinking of being pre-med but want to get an engineering background too, then Course 20 is an awesome option. If you want to engineer proteins, learning about cell systems, and model processes of a cell, then consider Course 20. If you want to learn about forces, model mechanical systems, study fluids, and build robots and other cool stuff, then consider MechE. Chemical Engineering, or Course 10, is sort of at the intersection, and you should look at the course requirements and talk to professors if you’re incredibly confused. You’ll also be assigned to a faculty advisor who can talk you through the process. If you’ve made it this far, you get a gold star. Now that I have a few months left at the Institute and I’ve gone through a significant number of med school interviews, I’m really happy about my choice to be 2-A with BME. I think it’s prepared me really well to think critically, and I’ve had the opportunity to take cool classes outside of my major (like Computational Neuroscience, Analysis of Biomolecular Systems, Linguistics, and more.) (On a side note, so far, I haven’t met another Mechanical Engineering applicant on the interview circuit.) Helpful advice from my fellow bloggers: Bryan on why he chose to be 2A: here Mollie’s thoughts on Biology (Course 7): here Jessie’s advice on Physics (Course 8): here Mollie’s info on Brain and Cognitive Science (Course 9): here More on Course 9: here Sam’s advice on what Chemical Engineering (Course 10) is: here Matt’s info on Management Science (Course 15): here Mitra’s pre-med advice: here Laura’s adventures in choosing a major:here Mollie’s advice on choosing a major:here

Legality of Coping from an Unpublished Essay - 1100 Words

Legality of Coping from an Unpublished (Research Proposal Sample) Content: Research ProposalNameProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameCourse numberDateResearch ProposalSUBJECT : Proposal for Investigation on the Legality of Coping from an unpublishedBook without registered CopyrightIntroductionCopyright is the protection granted by the law to the authors of various works of art including drama, music and literature. Copyright protection is for both published and unpublished works. The law states very clearly that copyright starts when the work is originally done. It means that for the case of a book, despite the book being without copyright resulting from author requesting for it, there is the aspect of the law that does cover it to some degree. Despite existing laws, there has been a public outcry by authors of unpublished books, and who have not registered for copyrights as they feel that their work is being copied without protection.Statement of the ProblemThe study will try to study the law under copyright and patent rights so as to ensure that there is the opinion of the law. The study will look to establish the extent to which this law has been followed. The study will attempt to answer the following questions: What is stated in the law about copyrights of unpublished books? To what extend has the law been followed on the issue of unpublished books without copyrights? What do other copyright laws in other nations on the issue of unpublished books?Proposed StudyAny author of whether published or unpublished book takes great pride in his/her work. The reason is because of the uniqueness of each authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s work especially after the work is complete. However, other people feel that for one to have power over his/her own work there is need to acquire copyright and publish the work as well. There is need to ensure that all laws are looked into and various interpretations so as to ensure that the confusion is solved. The study will take into account the views from various quarters especially the judiciary on the m atter.Scope of the studyIn order to establish the legality of coping from an unpublished book that has not been registered for copyright, the study will attempt to answer the listed areas of inquiry: * When was the law on copyright incorporated? * What are the amends that have been made to the law recently to ensure its efficiency? * Are there any loopholes that may be encouraging the violation of copyrights? * What are the copyright laws in other nations especially those of great influence? * What are the measures of ensuring that the copyright law will be followed?MethodPrimary data will be sourced from the conducting of interviews with legal experts on the matter and the authors of the unpublished books. The study will make use of questionnaires where it will be impossible to get an interview. Primary data will be processed and analyzed after it has been collected.Secondary data will be sourced from the internet as there are reports and articles that will be useful. Publications will go a long way in ensuring that secondary data will contribute to the study. Governmental laws already in place will help in ensuring that the study gets the lawful facts on the matter.Qualifications of the ResearcherThe researchers in the study are authors and publishers who have experienced copying of their work as they will have great insight on the matter. ... Legality of Coping from an Unpublished Essay - 1100 Words Legality of Coping from an Unpublished (Research Proposal Sample) Content: Research ProposalNameProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameCourse numberDateResearch ProposalSUBJECT : Proposal for Investigation on the Legality of Coping from an unpublishedBook without registered CopyrightIntroductionCopyright is the protection granted by the law to the authors of various works of art including drama, music and literature. Copyright protection is for both published and unpublished works. The law states very clearly that copyright starts when the work is originally done. It means that for the case of a book, despite the book being without copyright resulting from author requesting for it, there is the aspect of the law that does cover it to some degree. Despite existing laws, there has been a public outcry by authors of unpublished books, and who have not registered for copyrights as they feel that their work is being copied without protection.Statement of the ProblemThe study will try to study the law under copyright and patent rights so as to ensure that there is the opinion of the law. The study will look to establish the extent to which this law has been followed. The study will attempt to answer the following questions: What is stated in the law about copyrights of unpublished books? To what extend has the law been followed on the issue of unpublished books without copyrights? What do other copyright laws in other nations on the issue of unpublished books?Proposed StudyAny author of whether published or unpublished book takes great pride in his/her work. The reason is because of the uniqueness of each authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s work especially after the work is complete. However, other people feel that for one to have power over his/her own work there is need to acquire copyright and publish the work as well. There is need to ensure that all laws are looked into and various interpretations so as to ensure that the confusion is solved. The study will take into account the views from various quarters especially the judiciary on the m atter.Scope of the studyIn order to establish the legality of coping from an unpublished book that has not been registered for copyright, the study will attempt to answer the listed areas of inquiry: * When was the law on copyright incorporated? * What are the amends that have been made to the law recently to ensure its efficiency? * Are there any loopholes that may be encouraging the violation of copyrights? * What are the copyright laws in other nations especially those of great influence? * What are the measures of ensuring that the copyright law will be followed?MethodPrimary data will be sourced from the conducting of interviews with legal experts on the matter and the authors of the unpublished books. The study will make use of questionnaires where it will be impossible to get an interview. Primary data will be processed and analyzed after it has been collected.Secondary data will be sourced from the internet as there are reports and articles that will be useful. Publications will go a long way in ensuring that secondary data will contribute to the study. Governmental laws already in place will help in ensuring that the study gets the lawful facts on the matter.Qualifications of the ResearcherThe researchers in the study are authors and publishers who have experienced copying of their work as they will have great insight on the matter. ...

Essay on My Desire for Writing - 1405 Words

My Desire for Writing I can remember my mother telling me that I was going to be a writer some day. As a child growing up I would always sit in a corner by myself with pen and paper and just write (scribble rather). My mother told me that I started doing this when I was about one or two years old. She taught me how to write my name, the alphabet, and words at an early age. I guess it was during the early stages in my life that my motivation for writing started. In elementary school I learned the basics of writing, which is grammar. Once I learned the basics, it shaped and paved the way for future writing pieces. I have always been the youngest and only girl in a family with three children. I was basically a†¦show more content†¦Through writing poetry, I was able to endure and resist negative peer pressure. Not only did I write about growing up and my feelings, but I also wrote about different situations around me. For example, I wrote about homeless and less fortunate people. I always had a deep concern for the homeless and less fortunate. One of my main goals is to help people who are less fortunate. I guess one may say that I am a kind-hearted person. Well, me looking around and seeing people living on the streets and hungry made me write about what I thought of them and how they can be helped. I also wrote about how I thought they ended up homeless or hungry. I wrote short stories about these situations. There was always a happy ending for my short stories. I always ended with the homeless and less fortunate people being helped and living a better life. My short stories always had morals and lessons to be learned. One of the lessons in them was that one should always weigh the pros and cons of a situation because one bad move could cause a lifetime of pain. In the midst of writing my poems and short stories, I decided that I wanted to be a famous writer one day. Therefore, I started to write my first book. 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Qualitative Organisational Research - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2581 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example?   Qualitative Organizational Research Table of Contents Introduction Codes and Policies for Research Ethics What is Ethical Research? Why ethical rules are specifically needed in research? Discussion of Qualitative Management research Breach of a code and misconduct in research Conclusion References Introduction The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ethicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ focuses on the disciplines that study standards of conduct, such as philosophy, theology, law, management, psychology, or sociology. One may also define ethics as a method, procedure, or outlook for deciding how to act and for analyzing complexity of problems and issues. For example, in considering a complex issue like global financial crisis, one researcher may take an economic, environmental, political, or ethical perspective on the problem. While an economist might examine the cost and benefits of various policies related to global financial crisis. Qualitative research possesses ethical issues and challenges unique to the study of human beings and animals. Traditional science, such as physics, chemistry and biology allows the researcher to assume a standpoint removed from the object of study phenomena in question. In contrast to positivist inquiry, in which independence, measurement and probability are all elements or expected outc omes, qualitative inquiry canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t predict, non-replicable, and unclear in its ability to ensure a consistently objective stance toward the research work. Qualitative research requires a common standpoint, researcher to participant, human being to human being. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Qualitative Organisational Research" essay for you Create order Codes and Policies for Research Ethics Given the importance of ethics for the conduct of research, it should come as no surprise that many different professional associations, government agencies, and universities have adopted specific codes, rules, and policies relating to research ethics. Many government agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and etc. have ethics rules for funded researchers. (National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research, 2013) Other influential research ethics policies include the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, the Chemists Code of Conduct, Code of Ethics, Statements on Ethics and Professional Responsibility, Statement on Professional Ethics and etc. (National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research, 2013) Although codes, policies, and principals are very important and useful, like any set of rules, they do not cover every situation or as pect, they often conflict, and they require significant clarification. It is therefore important for researchers to learn how to understand, assess, and apply various research rules and how to make decisions in various situations. What is Ethical Research? As a researcher, and indeed as a member of society, it is important that ethics in practice and research are understood and formed the basis of all activities. The principles of ethics do not change, but the understanding and application may change time to time. Research ethics have been developed over the past century, and landmark events and statements have been shaped on understanding of ethical research practice. International and national statements, codes and guidelines are the framework for ethical conduct of research. As an example, in Australia, the leading documents for guidance are the Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research, which provides working guidance and the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research. This expresses the ethical basis for the conduct of research involving humans. Every person involved in conducting any type of research activity is bound to follow to these principles. Small scale projects on research as well as maj or researches should be well planned, conducted, and reported according to these principles. These documents are not for the researchers only, in fact many professionals, particularly involved in clinical practice at hospitals in a research environment use these documents as primary guide lines and resources. The documents are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"livingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, as updates are regularly made and it is important and useful the researcher to note what is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"newà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ about the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The National Statement is organized around four values: Respect for human beings Research merit and integrity Justice Beneficence These four values provide a broad framework of principles to guide the concept, review and conduct of research. The National Statement also covers the specific guidance for different types of research, e.g. research using qualitative methods and research using human tissue samples, as well as guidance for research involving particular kinds of participants, e.g. children and people in dependent relationships. In addition, it contains detailed guidance for research institutions, e.g. hospitals, universities, and their human research ethics committees formed to review on proposed studies. (Australian code for the responsible conduct of research, 2013) Why ethical rules are specifically needed in research? Even if it is often said that ethics is about drawing the line between right and wrong, ethics has a natural justification of its own as a disciplinary field. Most research questions have some ethical aspects: if not directly related to the research questions, then they might be related to research practices, processes or to the overall research field, or the ways we understand the relationships between the researcher and research topic and communicate about the research. And also there are several reasons why it is important to follow the ethical standards in research. This supports the purposes of research, such as knowledge, truth, and therefore avoidance of error is vital. For example, it is extremely important that prohibition should be made to avoid the lies, forgery, or misrepresentation of research data to promote the truth and avoid the errors in contents. Since research often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among many different people in different characteristics and societies, ethical standards promote the values such as trust, responsibility, mutual respect, and equality. For example, many ethical standards in research, such as guidelines for ownership, copyright and patent policies, data sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review are designed to protect intellectual property. Most researchers want to receive credit for their contributions and do not want to have their ideas stolen. Many of these standards help to guarantee that researchers can be held responsible to the public. For example, federal policies on research misconduct, conflicts of interest, the protection of human values, and animal care and use, are necessary in order to make sure those researchers who are funded by public money to be held accountable to the public. These standards also help to build public support for research. People are keener to trust on research project if they can trust the quality and truthfulness of the research. Many of the norms of research promote a range of other important ethical and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights and animal welfare, compliance with the law, and health and safety. Discussion of Qualitative Management research In Qualitative management research is to improve awareness and knowledge of organizational issue through the observation and interview the people who are working. At the nature of this investigative process is the need, to collect data in an appropriate manner. But what if the method of data collection is considered as unethical or creates difficult personal or emotional issues for the researcher? Whether engaging in long periods of covert participant observation, reflecting on people, processes and the interactions is an ethical way to learn about organizational problems. The literature reviews regarding this research method focusses on the knowledge of the subject, methodological relationship and the associated problems of researcher subjective, bias, and research outputs that are often distinctive descriptions of the issue being researched. The ethics of the management research have been broadly discussed in the literature review, as the research ethics involved in investi gating organizational issues. At the same time, allow the valuable contributions made in the literature, little credence has been given to the ethical thoughts and concerns for the researcher affecting to the collection and use of data. In positioning the contribution of this discussion makes to the concerning ethical nature of covert participant observation in management research, but researchers also need to consider the consequences on themselves when choosing to conduct management research in a covert way. The use of covert participant observation in management research has historically raised serious questions. However, perhaps just as important to the subject knowledge and methodological debate regarding this research method, is that of the ethical debate pertaining to the collection and use of data from research participants. For example, correct approaches focus on the essential rights of research participants, such as the right to privacy, respect and self-freedom. Mu ch of the literature on ethics is filled with terms such as informed consent, confidential and the avoidance of harm and misuse. But in practically the participants in the research process not being informed in full and accurate way and giving their freedom to participation. So based on consequential perspective focused on outcome, research is considered being ethical, and the benefits are balanced. A view could thus be taken on the relative costs and benefits of the research, considering the contribution of the research against the chances and level of harm. This view was supported by the ethic of comparable reason in observational research. In terms of potential benefits, the researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role as a manager-researcher in a business provided the opportunity to become immersed in a generally under-researched area of employee coping strategies in small businesses. The collection of data on the issues being researched might not generally be available to external resear chers. Researchers need to consider that, the research has the potential to make a contribution within the company. Having a fuller understanding of the actions and reactions of staff in a aggressive and very unstable working environment was likely to contribute to the researcher managerial role. Being able to recognize the actions of staff as coping strategies and recognizing when staff was acting to use some identity or control over their work would be valuable information for the researcher in understanding and getting some stability to the workplace. Recognizing these actions for what they are, and accepting or perhaps even helping them where this is appropriate would be an important method and was likely to be beneficial to the individuals concerned and the workplace. Therefore, that the research had a number of potential benefits and these were considered against the potential harms. At the same time the research was covert, and had been carried out without the informed consent of staff, it was also undertaken without the knowledge of the chief executive and management. Whilst rarely can absolute guarantees be given that identities will remain hidden, it was likely that the identity of the company would remain confidential. Thus, the potential harm to participants and the impact on participantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ would also be minimal. It was on this basis, covert participant observation was deemed ethical. Breach of a code and misconduct in research Charges of deviations from this Code and of misconduct at research works will be up dated from time to time. A prompt and effective response is required in each case. All affected parties must be treated fairly and reasonably and the situation remedied, and appropriate steps be taken to maintain public confidence in the research endeavor. As an example: In Australia, minor matters have been handled entirely within institutions. However, more serious matters have been dealt with in various ways, to avoid lacking consistency and public acceptance. Recent studies in Australia, United States and the United Kingdom indicate a higher rate of unreported offences than expected. Reviewers have revealed that growth in the rate of serious offences is factual and is the result of commercial and other pressures for success, particularly in areas such as biotechnology and medicine. A complaint on which researcher has not acted responsibly, requires a response that may include the following steps: a discreet investigation a formal inquiry The imposition of a sanction or penalty Actions to remedy the situation Advice to expert groups and public statements as appropriate. In most cases the response will not be required in all form of these steps. For example when the complaint cannot be sustained or when the researcher has been conceded. However, an allegation of serious misconduct that may attract a significant penalty, if proven, will require all the steps and great care. The process outlined above resembles the process for almost all complaints of misconduct. However, research is complex and requires great care to get it right because of the number of interested parties and the extent to which a serious offence may lead to collateral damages. The number of serious misconduct cases may be increasing, but it is still negligible, and there is the number of people with experience in managing such cases. Therefore, it is important that processes are consistent and that there is a repository of experiences and advice to guide future cases. Conclusion It is important to have ethics in research since it promoted the aims of research. It provides values that are essential to collaborative work like faith, responsibility, shared respect and equality. It also helps to build public support for the research and promotes a variety of other important moral and social values. And also it is a need for research to be done on more serious topics such as drugs and chemicals. In these instances, the need for ethics is greater than ever as a lot of the research is undertaken on animals or humans. In these cases there are strict rules and ethical guidelines that need to be followed when research is done. The animals and humans must be treated fairly, understand each step of the research and, in the case of humans, must fully consent before the research can begin. There are also guidelines about the confidentiality of personal information, as well as protecting the rights and the privacy of those involved in the study. This goes for the part icipants of research surveys too as guidelines dictate that the sensitive information given should be used in an ethical manner. References Angrosino, M, Perez, K, (2000). Rethinking observation: from method to context (pp673-702). Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, Sage Australia. National Health and Medical Research Council. (2013).National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research. Retrieved from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-ethics/human-research-ethics-committees-hrecs/human-research-ethics-committees-hrecs/national Australia. National Health and Medical Research Council. (2013).Australian code for the responsible conduct of research. Retrieved from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-ethics/human-research-ethics-committees-hrecs/human-research-ethics-committees-hrecs/national Bommer, M, Gratto, C, Gravander, J, Tuttle, M, (1987).A Behavioral Model of Ethical and Unethical Decision Making. Journal of Business Ethics, 4(6), 265 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 267 Eide, P., Kahn, D. (2008).Ethical Issues in the Qualitative ResearcherParticipant Relationship. Nursing Ethics, 15(2), 199-207.Retrieved fromhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733007086018 Eriksson, P, Kovalainen, A, (2008).Qualitative methods in business research,(pp62 76). North America, Sage Hammersley, M. and Atkinson, P. (1995), Ethnography: Principles and Practice. London, Routledge McGarry, J. D. M. P. (2010). Exploring the effect of conducting sensitive research. Nurse Researcher, 18(1), 8-14. Murphy, E, Dingwall, R, (2001), Ethics in ethnography. Handbook of Ethnography. London, Sage Nitsch, D, Baetz, M, Hughes, J, (2005).Why Code of Conduct Violations go Unreported: A Conceptual Framework to Guide Intervention and Future Research. Journal of Business Ethics, 57(), 327 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 341 Oliver, J., Eales, K. (2008).Research ethics. Qualitative Market Research, 11(3), 344-357. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13522750810879057 Resnik, D, ( May,2011).What is Ethics in Research Why is it Important?. National Institute of Environment Health Science. Retrieved from https://www.ni ehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/ Stewart, J, (2008).What is Ethical Research?. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research, 38(3),178 -179 Wyld, D, Jones, C, (1997).The Importance of Context: The Ethical Work Climate Construct and Models of Ethical Decision Making à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An Agenda for Research. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(), 465 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 472 K.M.V.K Siriwardena (32420936)Page 1

Design an organizational culture for Wikileaks - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2574 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Wikileaks was founded in 2006 by Julian Assange as a platform for whistleblowers to share facts and information they believed the public should know. It was hailed as a turning point in investigative journalism and while their reason for existence was transparency, the culture of the organisation was not. Mcshane, Olekalns and Travaglione define organisational culture as the values and assumptions shared within an organisation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Design an organizational culture for Wikileaks" essay for you Create order It serves three functions: to act as a control system that influences employee decisions and behaviours; the social glue that connects employees and binds the group; and to assist employees to understand why things are done the way they are. OToole, 2009, states that organisations who fail to achieve transparency will have it forced upon them; there is just no way to keep secrets in the age of the internet. This is the crisis point at which Wikileaks now finds itself. In order for Wikileaks to improve its credibility as a transparent organisation, Mr Assange will need to realise that the ability to keep secrets is changing in large part because of the internet (OToole, 2009) By observing the elements of culture using OTooles model, the transparency of Wikileaks can be examined through analysing the following: Telling the truth: OToole (2009) states that leaders must trust others before others will trust them. While the premise of Wikileaks is truth, this needs to be exte nded to incorporate their culture. Mr Assanges belief in making the truth available to all (Boyes, 2010) should make the transition into being open and telling the truth to his stakeholders easier. Encouraging others to speak the truth to power: Again, the trust that the organisation has in Wikileaks management must be earned this will take time and practice. Once it has been established, Mr Assange will be rewarded with unimpeded intelligence (OToole, 2009). This is an important step in an organisations cultural development as empowering employees with the courage to question the status quo can divert disaster (e.g. bringing to light problems with a proposed plan) or empower them to bring forward innovative ideas). Mr Assange may find that not all employees want to hear everything, but good mangers appreciate such openness. At interview,) Mr Assange said, that Wikileaks does have its own ethical code, it has values (Moss, 2010). Most employers would expect their employees to be good soldiers and not question company policy, but a great leader will welcome alternative viewpoints (OToole, 2009). Although as Mr Assange admits it is hard to get new talent quickly because everyone has to be checked out (Moss, 2010), he should encourage employees to put forward their views; listening to alternative points of view is easier than losing and replacing employees. Rewarding contrarians: OToole (2009) states that Companies with healthy cultures continually challenge their assumptions (and) that work is seldom done by one person sitting in a room. Wikileaks employs five full time staff (and others) in a decentralised structure that Mr Assange views as a model for many media organisations in the future (Moss, 2010). This structure could allow for some change to the culture, if an employee or stakeholder challenges a decision, Mr Assange could reward them by promoting them. This could also encourage other employees to stand up and voice their own opinions. The different opinions can be used to identify or solve problems that may not have initially been seen. When Daniel Domscheit-Berg questioned some of the practices of Wikileaks earlier this year, Mr Assange suspended him accusing him of insubordination and disloyalty (Boyes, 2010). This is an area where Wikileaks can dramatically improve. Practicing having unpleasant conversations: As the previous two steps highlight, encouraging communication and feedback both up and down the organisational hierarchy are essential to a healthy transparent culture. However, delivering what may be received as unpleasant information is a skill that, in order to be done effectively, must be learned. Practicing these conversations will help maintain strong relationships. Diversifying your sources of information: By consulting a range of information sources when decisions are made or strategies are adopted, the risk of making bad decisions is reduced as management has access to a greater range of viewpoints and are subject to fewer biases. Admitting your mistakes: Mr Assenge believes what matters first and foremost is getting the information out (Moss, 2010). As founder and the most public face of Wikileaks, he developed a siege mentality (Boyes, 2010) and continued to reinforce its hierarchical structure alienating staff in the process. In order to make the organisation more transparent, Mr Assange should admit his mistakes and move forward. By making this the norm, employees will once again begin to feel confident taking risks or trying something new, as failure will not lead to immediate sanctions. Building an organisational architecture that supports candor: Wikileaks was founded by Mr Assange with his beliefs; based on total openness and transparency (Barrowclough, 2010) however he does not practice what he preaches. He lives his life never staying anywhere for more than two nights (Moss, 2010). The organisation has not been built as one that supports candor. Alth ough in some way this is incorrect, his publications are open and transparent and tell the truth. Although it does not seem that way for the organisational culture. The organisation sneaks around hacking into systems and receiving information from whistleblowers. This step encourages organisations to have whistleblowers, this should clearly identify those individuals that are not adhering to the organisations policies, procedures, culture or norms. To build on this Wikileaks should only hire new employees that are committed to working in a transparent organisational culture. Setting the information free: From Wikileaks point of view the organisation is about setting information free, however not all information is free and forthcoming. The information that the organisation reports on contains information which has been given to them by whistleblowers and from within Wikileaks requires full confidentiality, to make obtaining more of this information accessible. However, from the p ublic point of view the organisation does not set the information free until the information has been published. Exemplary leaders encourage and even reward, openness and dissent. (OToole, 2009) In analysing the steps detailed in OTooles article, it is apparent that Wikileaks current organisational culture needs a great deal of transformation to move it to move it to an open and transparent model. It should be noted, however, that complete transparency is not possible, nor is it desirable, for example Wikileaks is based on anonymous sources of information and it is essential that the privacy of its contributors is maintained. Once Wikileaks has applied the analysis of OTooles model and acknowledges the need for change, a change process should be followed to ensure the transformation is successful. Kotters eight steps to transforming organisations provides a useful model for Wikileaks to base their change efforts. By following the steps in order, it can be successfully trans formed into a more transparent, workable organisation. The management of Wikileaks should: Establish a sense of urgency The first step in transforming the culture of an organisation is to establish a sense of urgency. Kotter (2009) statesby making all stakeholders aware of the urgency in changing the organisational culture, there will be a greater acceptance and active participation in the change process. The problems within the organisational structure of Wikileaks have been well publicised in the media; Boyes (2010) writes of a siege mentality adopted by Julian Assange. Wikileaks grew quickly, and the hierarchical structure of the organisation has stifled the necessary discussion about roles and responsibilities (Domscheit-Bert in Boyes 2010). In communicating the urgency of the situation, it is also important to convey the message of why the corporation is in such a crisis and major opportunities that may arise once the new organisational culture is implemented and operating effectively. Within Wikileaks a culture change is essential for the survival of the organisation and due to the rece nt media attention, Wikileaks stakeholders will already be aware of the need to change to a more transparent culture. Until recently, Daniel Domsheit-Berg, a Senior Executive of Wikileaks, was a strong defender of the organisation but has recently publicly confirmed the companys internal struggles (Boyes 2010). In this regard, the sense of urgency has been created by external forces and is beyond the control of the organisation. All stakeholders need to be aware of the consequences of not adapting to change. These consequences will include unemployment for staff, financial loss for investors and professional embarrassment of management. Create a powerful guiding coalition It is often said that major change is impossible unless the head of the organisation is an active supporter (Kotter 1995). Wikileaks has no option but to embrace the changes necessary to ensure its survival. With a sense of urgency established, Mr Assenge should call for senior managers to nominate for the guiding coalition. The members of this coalition should come from those who are most motivated to progress the organisation into the future and into a more transparent culture. The importance of having this guiding coalition cannot be overstated, along with their commitment to drive the change. If the coalition is not totally committed to the process and does not fully understand the urgency, the process will ultimately fail; the urgency will recede and old familiar practices will return. When Wikileaks was formed in 2006, it was touted as a turning point in investigative journalism (Boyes, 2010), however with the rapid growth of the organisation the closed culture became a problem as soon as we started to take sides (Boyes, 2010). Creating a vision The vision is the glue that holds the organisation together. It must provide real guidance, be focused, flexible and easily communicated (Kotter, 2010). The Wikileaks vision now needs to be recreated to resurrect its image and help in transforming its culture. This new vision should provide guidance to all employees and key stakeholders, where the organisation is headed and what it, the organisation hopes to achieve. In the process, Wikileaks should be focused on their goals and outcomes of the organisation and provide flexibility in their change efforts. Mr Assange has been quoted as envisioning a time where all media would develop their own forms of Wikileaks, including creating systems for all media organisations (Barrowclough, 2010). Communicating the vision Once Mr Assange has developed his new vision, the guiding coalition must clearly communicate the message to all stakeholders, both frequently and powerfully. Mr Assange should communicate at every chance to enable all stakeholders to focus on the new direction for Wikileaks. Changes at this level need to be implemented from the top levels of management down through all other levels within Wikileaks and must therefore, believe in the change implicitly to prevent cynicism amongst the rest of the organisation (Kotter, 1995). To have successful change processes, employees need to embrace the new vision, and will not willingly change unless they believe that the changes are in their best interest (Kotter,1995). In communicating the vision all forms of communicating within the organisation both formal and informal should be used to ensure everyone get the message. Empowering others to act on the vision When all stakeholders are responsive to the sense of urgency and a committed guiding coalition has been put in place, to drive the change and communicate a clear vision to all stakeholders, empowering employees to meet the vision is the next step. To motivate employees and others within Wikileaks to act on the new vision, management should: Remove any barriers that may prevent employees from embracing the new organisational culture. Examples of this can include rotating staff to parts of the organisation where they can use their skills to best advantage or encourage those who dont share the vision to consider moving on or provide opportunities for them to understand the benefits of the changes Review or eliminate any systems (for example, the way of gathering confidential information) that weaken the companies new vision; and Provide scope to allow tasks to be done differently. Employees should be encouraged to think outside the box, use their initiative and take risks as long as it supports the vision and the new culture (Kotter, 2010). If Wikileaks is able to empower their employees in believing in and meeting the new organisational vision then the improved organisational culture too will be implemented and over time will remain in place. This is due to the fact that the new vision is part of the new culture. Plan for and create short term wins. The process of implementing change, at this level, is a complex process and will necessarily take time and effort to be accepted as their new culture. A long drawn out process can make stakeholders feel there is no light at the end of the tunnel and lead to a decrease in the sense of urgency. Additionally, by implementing many changes at once, change fatigue is a real possibility (Beaudan, 2006). By implementing short term wins, the enthusiasm and energy levels of those involved in the changes can be maintained and benchmark goals achieved can be celebrated. This will also assist in changing the attitudes of those who are still resistant to change, as they will have to acknowledge the achievements. Kotter (1995) suggests these short term wins can be measured by initiatives such as having clear performance improvements, establishing goals, achieving objectives and rewarding those involved through recognition, promotion and money. Little should be left to chance document plans , communicate expectations and advertise successes. This will boost the credibility of the renewal process (Kotter, 1995). Consolidate improvements and produce still more change At this stage, Kotter (2010) highlights that resistance is always waiting in the wings to re-assert itself and good leadership is crucial in this step. It is important that more projects are developed, ensuring that the organisation is successfully implementing the necessary changes. A common mistake at this stage is celebrating too early, causing employees to feel the change is complete however, any resistance at this stage can derail efforts to ensure the changes become embedded into the culture and may cause disillusionment amongst stakeholders (Kotter, 1995). The guiding coalition of Wikileaks needs to clearly identify what it is changing and communicate the message to all stakeholders. Once these changes have been implemented another target timeframe needs to be identified. Four stages in the change process: develop, implement, evaluate and monitor these stages are ongoing. Just as the change is taking shape, changes can occur such as technology or goals, this starts the process again. During this process, feedback is sought from those affected and issues identified can be addressed. Institutionalising new approaches In this final step in changing the organisational culture, the initiatives that have been introduced throughout the process need to be anchored into place in order to ensure compliance. This is done through practices such as continually encouraging and promoting the reinvented culture, through the creation of policies and processes, so that they become habit by the existing staff, and will obviously be normal practice to any new stakeholders that join the organisation. Changes can also be institutionalised through authority figures talking about the progress the organisation has made, sharing success stories during the change, and through promoting the new culture when training or interviewing new staff. Creating a transparent organisation requires ongoing effort, sustained attention and constant vigilance (OToole, 2009). If Mr Assange and Wikileaks are to continue to deliver the truth to the world, it must develop a culture that can stand the analysis that their charter advocat es transparency. Without this, the forces of globalisation and technology will surely bring about its demise.

Greek And Roman Comparisons And Contributions - 1698 Words

Greek and Roman Comparisons and Contributions Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome are responsible for many facets in today’s world. In fact, when reviewing history, the Greeks and Romans are sometimes confused with one another. There are many shared traditions, but yet there are many differences between the two. The countries are both Mediterranean, however they had different social class structures, different mythology, and placed different values on life. Ancient Greece was vibrant in the fifth century B.C., but Rome was not in it’s glory days until hundreds of years later. Much of what is utilized in everyday Roman life was replicated from the Greek’s culture. The Roman’s copied the Greeks, because the Romans were fascinated with the Greek culture and the success the Greeks achieved. It is important to understand the similarities and differences in the Greek and Roman culture, to better understand their contributions to today’s society. 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Developmental disorders of renal disease Free Essays

Some of the common developmental kidney disorders include polycystic kidney disease, congenital nephrotic disease, nephroblastoma, renal agenesis, duplication anomalies, fusion anomalies, malrotation, multicystic dysplastic kidney disease, renal dysplasia, renal hypoplasia, etc. Congenital nephrotic disease is an inherited disorder that may present at birth in which the infant has proteins present in the urine (proteinuria) along with swelling of the body (oedema). The condition is rare and is usually found in children born in Finnish families. We will write a custom essay sample on Developmental disorders of renal disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now Children born with the disorder have a protein found in the urine, known as ‘nephrin’. Several substances such as proteins, fats, blood proteins, etc are excreted in the urine. The individuals develops several symptoms including swelling, low birth weight, malnutrion, kidney failure, poor appetite, infections, presence of blood in the urine, poor general health, cloudy appearance of the urine, etc (Charytan, 2006). Nephroblastoma or ‘Wilm’s tumour’ is a condition characterised by the formation of a malignant tumour in the kidney. It commonly occurs in infants and children. Wilm’s tumour is a very frequent tumour that develops in the abdomen in children. The condition is frequently related to other birth defects such as urinary tract abnormalities, enlargement of one half of the body, missing iris, etc. As the condition is more frequent in identical twins, it is considered to have a genetic link. The tumour seldom spreads to the other parts of the body. One in every 200, 000 children develop this disorder. The child may develop several symptoms including abdominal pain and swelling, presence of blood in the urine, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, malaise, hypertension, constipation, cloudiness of the urine, etc (Nanda, 2006). Polycystic renal disease (Cystic renal development disorder) is a familial condition in which the affect individuals develop cysts in the kidney. The condition is an autosomal dominant condition and the symptoms less frequently develop in childhood. One in every 1000 develops the symptoms of polycystic renal disease. In childhood, an autosomal recessive version of polycystic renal disease can also develop. The child may develop severe symptoms along with renal failure with a fatal outcome. Lung function insufficiency is another frequent complication that can result in death. The common symptoms of polycystic renal disease include abdominal pain, abdominal swelling, presence of blood in urine, flank pain, excessive passage of urine, drowsiness, hypertension, joint pain and swelling, nail defects, cysts in other portions of the body such as testis, liver and pancreas, colon defects, swelling of the kidneys, bile duct defects, portal hypertension, fibrosis, brain abnormalities, kidney stones, anaemia, frequent urinary tract infections, renal failure, liver failure, rupture and bleeding of the cysts, etc. The child has a positive family history of polycystic renal disorder. The exact manner in which multiple cysts are formed in the kidney is not understood clearly. However, a genetic cause has been outlined. Once the kidney cysts are formed, they tend to swell, resulting in deterioration of the kidney function. The individual develops several symptoms (Silberberg, 2007). Renal agenesis is a condition in which the kidneys fail to develop. It can occur unilaterally as well as bilaterally. In the bilateral form, several other conditions such as pulmonary hypoplasia, oligohydramnios, facial defects, limb abnormalities, etc, occur resulting in fatal outcomes. In the unilateral form, the individual develops trigone and ureteral orifice defects, absence of the ureter, etc. This form is less severe compared to the bilateral version. The individual can survive provided the kidney function is managed appropriately (Merck, 2005). Duplication anomalies are conditions in which the individual develops extra collecting systems. This may affect one kidney or both, and may involve the ureter, calyx, ureteral orifice and the renal pelvis. These conditions have to be treated very carefully depending on the extent to which function is affected (Merck, 2005). Fusion anomalies are conditions in which the kidneys are united to one another. However, the ureters are separate and enter the bladder on either side. Several conditions such as vesicoureteral reflux, congenital renal cystic dysplasia, etc, tend to occur more frequently with fusion anomalies. A condition known as ‘horseshoe kidneys’ is characterised by the fusion of the renal parenchyma bilaterally. It is one of the most common kidney fusion abnormalities. The ureters tend to function normally. Sometimes the point at which the renal pelvis is united to the ureter is abnormal resulting in urinary obstruction. The second most common kidney union anomaly is ‘crossed fused renal ectopia’ in which the kidneys are present on one of the body, and the ureter crosses the midline of the body and empties into the bladder of the either side. Pancake kidney or ‘fused pelvic kidney’ is a condition in which the kidney is single or fused and is emptied into 2 ureters and collecting systems (Merck, 2005). In multicystic dysplastic kidney, the kidneys consist of multiple cysts, cartilage, primitive tubules, and multiple cysts. The individual develops several symptoms such as infection, swelling, hypertension, etc. Renal dysplasia is a condition in which the renal tubules, vasculature, collecting tubules, etc, develop abnormally, resulting in distortion of the normal kidney function. In renal ectopia, the kidneys are not placed in their exact anatomical position resulting in several problems such as obstruction. Renal hypoplasia is a condition in which the ureteral bud gives rise to an underdeveloped and small kidney. However, the size of the nephrons is normal. The individual can develop hypertension (Merck, 2005). Ureterocele is a condition in which the ureter is enlarged at the point it is inserted into the bladder. At this point, the flow of urine into the bladder is seriously affected resulting in obstruction and hydronephrosis. In neurogenic bladder, due to a defect in the spine at the lumbosacral region, the nerves that supply the bladder are affected resulting in improper drainage of the bladder. The individual is at a risk of developing several problems such vesicureteral reflux, infection, renal hypertension, scarring, renal failure, etc. Hydronephrosis is a condition in which the ureter and the collecting system are dilated (Conley, 2007). References: Charytan, D. M. (2006). â€Å"Congenital nephrotic syndrome.† Retrieved on January 26, 2008, from Medline Plus Web site: http://wwwils.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001576.htm Conley, S. B. (2007). â€Å"Congenital kidney diseases.† Retrieved on January 26, 2008, from Alberta University Web site: http://cnserver0.nkf.med.ualberta.ca/nephkids/congdiseases.htm Merck (2005). â€Å"Renal Anomalies.† Retrieved on January 26, 2008, from Merck Web site: http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec19/ch290/ch290b.html Nanda, R. (2006). â€Å"Wilms tumor.† Retrieved on January 26, 2008, from Medline Plus Web site: http://wwwils.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001575.htm Silberberg, C. (2007). â€Å"Polycystic kidney disease.† Retrieved on January 26, 2008, from   Medline Plus Web site: http://wwwils.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000502.htm How to cite Developmental disorders of renal disease, Papers

Massed Practice And Dictributive Practice Essay Example For Students

Massed Practice And Dictributive Practice Essay Running head: MASSED PRACTICE AND DICTRIBUTIVE PRACTICEThe Effects of Massed Practice and Distributive Practice on Motor Skill Task. Evelyn DelgadoQueens College/ City University of New YorkAbstractOver a century scientist have wonder if massed practice conditions are superior to distributive practice conditions or visa versa. According to a mete-analytic review scientists have researched this very phenomenon and have concluded that distributive practices conditions are superior to those of massed practice conditions in a variety of situations. These results are supported by Maureen Bergondys experiment on team practice schedules as well as William C. Chaseys experiment on distribution of practice on learning retention and relearning. This experiment deals with the relationship between conditions of massed practice and distributive practice with respect to task performance. The motor skill task performed by subjects in this study wrote the English alphabet upside down fifty times. One group was given the massed practice motor task; while subjects from the five other groups practiced the motor task under five diffe rent distributions of time. However, our findings do not support those of previous findings. Our mixed factorial experiment with 51 subjects indicates that neither massed practice conditions or distributive practice conditions were superior. Therefore, the subjects acquisition of the motor task did not improve as a result of massed or distributed practice, but rather as the result of practice alone. Massed Practice and Distributive PracticeMassed practice conditions are those in which individuals practice a task continuously without rest. While distributive practice conditions are those in which individuals are given rest intervals within the practice session. This mixed factorial experiment with 51 subjects deals with the effects of massed practice and distributive practice with respect to acquisition of motor task. The questioned posed in this study is whether distributive practice will be more effective than massed practice in helping individuals to learn motor skill tasks. Scien tists have wondered if massed practice conditions are superior to distributive practice conditions or visa versa. A mete-analytic review conducted by Donovan Radosevich researched this very phenomenon and concluded that distributive practices conditions are superior to massed practice conditions with respect to task performance. The analysis consisted of 63 studies with 112 effects sizes yield an overall mean weighted effect size of 0.46, indicating that individuals in distributive practice condition performed significantly higher that those in massed practice conditions. Like wise these results are supported by Maureen Bergondys experiment on team practice schedules as well as William C. Chaseys experiment on distribution of practice on learning retention and relearning. Maureen Bergondys experiment deals with the importance of practice schedules that optimize learning skills. Teams practiced under either a massed or distributive practice schedule and were tested under a short-term or long-term retention intervals. These results support once more the distributive practice effect for learning. William C. Chaseys experiment on distribution of practice on learning retention and relearning was conducted on a group of 72 randomly assigned retarded boys. The stabilometer task was used to study the difference between massed practice and distributive practice on initial acquisition retention, and relearning of gross motor skills. The results of this experiment support the general idea that distributive practice was superior to massed practice conditions for initial skills acquisition. In the present study the task being learned by participants is fairly easy, writing the English Alphabet upside down from right to left. The purpose of the present study is to see if there is a systematic increase of correct letters printed as the periods of rest increase. We also want to see if there is an effect of practice. Furthermore we also want to see if there is an interaction between trials sets and distribution of practice. From the acquired data we hypothesize subjects in conditions 1 wil l write less letters at trial 30 than subjects in condition 5. This do to the distributive practice condition given to condition 5 oppose to that of the massed practice condition give to condition 1. MethodParticipantsThere were fifty-five subjects out of which four were excluded for failure to following instructions. Nineteen Experimental Psychology 213 students from Queens College participated in the experiment as subjects and experimenters to meet a course requirement and 36 subject that where recruited by different students with in the class. The nineteen students were randomly assigned to six conditions using block randomization, while the recruited subjects had conditions randomly assigned to them. The age of the sample varied from seventeen years of age to fifty years of age. Out of the sample there were four left-handed and two ambidextrous individuals. No one had any gross motor-impairments and were fluent in the English language. Material ; ApparatusThe time was recorded i n seconds therefore the instrument need to record the duration of the performed task as well as the rest period if there were one required a second indicator. Some experimenters used the clock in the control panel of the Microsoft Windows program installed on IBM compatible computer to keep time, and some used either a stop- watch, or a clock with a second timer. Participants were instructed to have a pencil or pen and sheets of paper, to perform the inverted alphabet-writing task, to study the effectiveness of massed or distributive practice conditions. 12 Angry Men EssayChasey, William, (1976). Distribution of Practice Effects on Learning Retention and Relearning by Retarded Boys. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1976, 43, 159-164. Donovan, John J., and Radosevich David J., (1999). A Meta-Analytic Review of Distribution of Practice Effect: Now You See it now you Dont. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1999, Vol. 84, No.5 Pages 795-805. Table 1Up side Down AlphabetTrial 1Trial 2 Table 2Mean of Letters Correctly Printed. Conditions 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 All0 sec(N=11) .22.65 23.04 24.75 24.84 24.8 26.89 25.95 27.58 27.73 27.73 25.65 sec.(N=9) 17.45 20.87 22.69 23.8 24.47 25.09 25.11 26.04 26.42 26.64 23.86 10 sec(N=10) 21.42 23.94 25.1 25.68 27.71 27.3 29.82 29.9 29.3 31.24 27.0215 sec.(N=6) . 20.37 21.93 23.97 25 26.13. 26.63 27.8 28.4 28.73 27.5 25.67 20 sec.(N=8) 23.28 26.75 27.15 28.23 29.9 30.33 30.15 31.6 31.55 32.25 29.1225 sec. (N=7) 22.89 25.86 25.4 27.6 27.14 28.17 29.34 29.23 29.97 30.71 27.63 All(N=51) 21.37 23.57 24.83 25.73 26.47 27.43 27.9 28.72 28.83 29.32 Figure CaptionFigure 1. Main Effect of Conditions (Rest Periods). Figure 2. Main Effect of Trials. Figure 3. Interaction Between Conditions and Trials. BibliographyReferencesBergondy Maureen, (1998). Team Practice Schedules: What to do we know? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1998,87, 31-34. Chasey, William, (1976). Distribution of Practice Effects on Learning Retention and Relearning by Retarded Boys. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1976, 43, 159-164. Donovan, John J., and Radosevich David J., (1999). A Meta-Analytic Review of Distribution of Practice Effect: Now You See it now you Dont. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1999, Vol. 84, No.5 Pages 795-805. Psychology Essays